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Born inHodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on thewestern frontierinKentuckyandIndiana.

Largely self - educated, he became a lawyer inIllinois, aWhig Partyleader, and was elected to theIllinois House of Representatives, in which he served for eight years.

Elected to theUnited States House of Representativesin 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy and opposed theMexican–American War.

After a single term, he returned to Illinois and resumed his successful law practice.

Reentering politics in 1854, he became a leader in building the newRepublican Party, which had a statewide majority in Illinois.

As part of the 1858 campaign for US Senator from Illinois, Lincoln took part in aseries of highly publicized debateswith his opponent and rival, DemocratStephen A.

Douglas ; Lincoln spoke out against the expansion ofslavery, but lost the race to Douglas.

In 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from aswing state, though most delegates originally favored other candidates.

Though he gained very little support in the slaveholding states of theSouth, he swept theNorthand waselected president in 1860.

Though there were attempts to bridge the differences between North and South, ultimately Lincoln's victory prompted seven southern slave states to secede from the United States and form theConfederate States of Americabefore he moved into theWhite House.

U. S.

Troops refused to leaveFort Sumter, a fort located inCharleston, South Carolina, after the secession of the Southern States.

The resulting Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to rally behind the Union.

As the leader of the moderate faction of the Republican Party, Lincoln confrontedRadical Republicans, who demanded harsher treatment of the South ; War Democrats, who rallied a large faction of former opponents into his camp ; anti - war Democrats (calledCopperheads), who despised him ; and irreconcilable secessionists, who plotted his assassination.

Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other, by carefully planned politicalpatronageand by appealing to the American people with his powers of oratory.

[4]HisGettysburg Addressbecame an iconic endorsement ofnationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, anddemocracy.

He suspendedhabeas corpus, leading to the controversialEx parte Merrymandecision, and he averted potentialBritishintervention by defusing theTrentAffair.

Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of generals, including his most successful general, Ulysses S.

Grant.

He made major decisions on Union war strategy, including anaval blockadethat shut down the South's trade.

As the war progressed, his complex moves toward ending slavery included theEmancipation Proclamationof 1863 ; Lincoln used the U.

S. Army to protect escaped slaves, encouraged theborder statesto outlaw slavery, and pushed through Congress theThirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which permanently outlawed slavery.

An astute politician deeply involved with power issues in each state, Lincoln reached out to the War Democrats and managed his own re - election campaign in the1864 presidential election.

Anticipating the war's conclusion, Lincoln pushed a moderate view ofReconstruction, seeking to reunite the nation speedily through a policy of generous reconciliation in the face of lingering and bitter divisiveness.

On April 14, 1865, five days after the surrender of Confederate generalRobert E.

Lee, Lincoln was shot by Confederate sympathizerJohn Wilkes Boothand died the next day.

Lincoln has been consistentlyrankedboth by scholars[5]and the public[6]as among the greatest U.

S. presidents.